when health experts say to consume alcohol in moderation what do they mean

Moderate drinking can be healthy—but not for everyone. Y'all must weigh the risks and benefits.

–Introduction
–What'southward Moderate Alcohol Intake? What's a Drinkable?
–The Downside of Alcohol
–Possible Health Benefits of Alcohol
–Genes Play a Role
–Shifting Benefits and Risks
–The Bottom Line: Balancing Risks and Benefits

Introduction

Throughout the 10,000 or so years that humans have been drinking fermented beverages, they've too been arguing about their merits and demerits. The debate still simmers today, with a lively back-and-forth over whether alcohol is adept for you or bad for you.

It's safe to say that alcohol is both a tonic and a poison. The difference lies mostly in the dose. Moderate drinking seems to be practiced for the heart and circulatory system, and probably protects against blazon 2 diabetes and gallstones. Heavy drinking is a major cause of preventable death in most countries. In the U.S., alcohol is implicated in nigh half of fatal traffic accidents. [1] Heavy drinking can harm the liver and heart, harm an unborn child, increase the chances of developing breast and some other cancers, contribute to depression and violence, and interfere with relationships.

Booze's two-faced nature shouldn't come as a surprise. The active ingredient in alcoholic beverages, a simple molecule called ethanol, affects the body in many different means. It directly influences the tum, brain, heart, gallbladder, and liver. Information technology affects levels of lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) and insulin in the blood, as well as inflammation and coagulation. It also alters mood, concentration, and coordination.

What's Moderate Alcohol Intake? What's a Drink?

Loose utilize of the terms "moderate" and "a drink" has fueled some of the ongoing argue about alcohol'due south impact on health.

In some studies, the term "moderate drinking" refers to less than i potable per day, while in others information technology means three-iv drinks per day. Exactly what constitutes "a drinkable" is also adequately fluid. In fact, even among alcohol researchers, there'southward no universally accepted standard drink definition. [2]

In the U.S., one potable is commonly considered to be 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of vino, or 1½ ounces of spirits (hard liquor such equally gin or whiskey). [3] Each delivers about 12 to 14 grams of alcohol on average, but there is a wider range at present that microbrews and wine are being produced with higher alcohol content.

The definition of moderate drinking is something of a balancing act. Moderate drinking sits at the point at which the health benefits of alcohol clearly outweigh the risks.

The latest consensus places this point at no more than 1-2 drinks a day for men, and no more than 1 drink a mean solar day for women. This is the definition used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025, [3] and is widely used in the Us.

The Dark Side of Alcohol

Not everyone who likes to drink alcohol stops at simply one. While many people drink in moderation, some don't.

Heavy drinking can take a toll on the body. It tin cause inflammation of the liver (alcoholic hepatitis) and lead to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), a potentially fatal affliction. Information technology can increase blood pressure and damage heart muscle (cardiomyopathy). Heavy booze employ has besides been linked with several cancers: The World Cancer Enquiry Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research indicate that there is convincing show linking alcohol to cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, breast, liver, colon, and rectum. [4] The International Agency for Enquiry on Cancer concluded that both the ethanol in alcohol and acetaldehyde, a chemical formed from the breakdown of ethanol, are carcinogenic to humans in high amounts. [v] The adventure is multiplied for drinkers who also smoke tobacco or take a poor diet.

Problem drinking besides touches drinkers' families, friends, and communities. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and others:

• In 2014, almost 61 one thousand thousand Americans were classified as binge alcohol users (5 or more drinks on the same occasion at least once a month) and 16 one thousand thousand every bit heavy booze users (v or more drinks on the same occasion on 5 or more days in one calendar month). [6]
• Alcohol plays a role in i in three cases of violent crime. [7]
• In 2015, more 10,000 people died in car accidents in which booze was involved. [8]
• Booze abuse costs virtually $249 billion a year. [nine]

Even moderate drinking carries some risks. Alcohol can disrupt sleep and one'due south better judgment. Alcohol interacts in potentially dangerous means with a variety of medications, including acetaminophen, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, painkillers, and sedatives. It is also addictive, specially for people with a family history of alcoholism.

Alcohol Increases Risk of Developing Chest Cancer

There is disarming evidence that alcohol consumption increases the risk of chest cancer, and the more than alcohol consumed, the greater the risk. [10-fourteen]

• A large prospective study following 88,084 women and 47,881 men for 30 years found that even 1 drinkable a mean solar day increased the risk of booze-related cancers (colorectum, female breast, oral crenel, pharynx, larynx, liver, esophagus) in women, only mainly breast cancer, among both smokers and nonsmokers. 1 to two drinks a day in men who did not smoke was not associated with an increased take chances of booze-related cancers. [fifteen]
• In a combined analysis of six large prospective studies involving more than than 320,000 women, researchers plant that having 2-5 drinks a day compared with no drinks increased the chances of developing breast cancer equally high every bit 41%. It did non matter whether the class of alcohol was wine, beer, or hard liquor. [10] This doesn't hateful that 40% or so of women who have 2-5 drinks a day volition get breast cancer. Instead, it is the difference between near thirteen of every 100 women developing breast cancer during their lifetime—the current average hazard in the U.Southward.—and 17 to xviii of every 100 women developing the disease. This modest increment would translate to significantly more women with chest cancer each year.

A lack of folate in the diet or folic acid, its supplement class, further increases the risk of breast cancer in women. [fourteen] Folate is needed to produce new cells and to preclude changes in Dna. Folate deficiency, every bit can occur with heavy alcohol apply, tin cause changes in genes that may pb to cancer. Alcohol besides increases estrogen levels, which fuel the growth of sure breast cancer cells. An adequate intake of folate, at to the lowest degree 400 micrograms a day, when taking at to the lowest degree one drink of alcohol daily appears to lessen this increased gamble. [sixteen, 17]

• Researchers found a stiff association amidst three factors—genetics, folate intake, and alcohol—in a cohort from the Nurses' Health Written report II of 2866 young women with an average age of 36 who were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Those with a family history of breast cancer who drank 10 grams or more than of alcoholic beverages daily (equivalent to i or more drinks) and ate less than 400 micrograms of folate daily most doubled their risk (one.8 times) of developing the cancer. Women who drank this amount of alcohol simply did non have a family history of chest cancer and ate at to the lowest degree 400 micrograms of folate daily did not have an increased breast cancer run a risk. [14]

Folate and Alcohol

Folate, the B vitamin that helps guide the development of an embryo's spinal cord, has equally important jobs later in life. One of the biggest is helping to build DNA, the molecule that carries the code of life. In this way, folate is essential for accurate cell division.

Booze blocks the absorption of folate and inactivates folate in the blood and tissues. It's possible that this interaction may be how booze consumption increases the risk of breast, colon, and other cancers.

Getting extra folate may cancel out this booze-related increase. In the Nurses' Wellness Report, for example, amidst women who consumed 1 or more alcoholic drinks a day, those who had the highest levels of this B vitamin in their blood were xc% less probable to develop breast cancer than those who had the lowest levels of the B vitamin. [18] An earlier study suggested that getting 600 micrograms a day of folate could counteract the effect of moderate booze consumption on breast cancer risk. [17] There was no clan with folate and increased breast cancer gamble among women who drank low or no alcohol daily.

Booze and Weight Gain

1 serving of alcohol on average contains 100-150 calories, and so even a moderate corporeality of 3 drinks a day can contribute 300+ calories. Mixed drinks that add juice, tonic, or syrups volition further bulldoze up calories, increasing the risk of weight gain over time.

However, a prospective study following almost 15,000 men at four-yr periods found simply an increased risk of minor weight gain with higher intakes of alcohol. [nineteen] Compared to those who did not change their alcohol intake, those who increased their intake by 2 or more drinks a day gained a little more than a half-pound. Information technology was noted that calorie intake (non from alcohol) tended to increment along with alcohol intake.

Possible Wellness Benefits of Alcohol

What are some of the possible health benefits associated with moderate alcohol consumption?

Cardiovascular Disease

More than 100 prospective studies show an inverse clan between light to moderate drinking and risk of eye attack, ischemic (clot-caused) stroke, peripheral vascular disease, sudden cardiac death, and expiry from all cardiovascular causes. [xx] The event is adequately consistent, corresponding to a 25-40% reduction in adventure. Notwithstanding, increasing alcohol intake to more than than 4 drinks a twenty-four hours can increase the risk of hypertension, abnormal heart rhythms, stroke, heart assault, and death. [v, 21-23]

Booze and Heart Disease: Prospective Studies

Acquire more about the results of some big prospective accomplice studies of alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease.

Proper name, Participants	Duration	Clan with Moderate Booze Consumption*
CALIBER programme: 1,937,360 adults (51% women) aged thirty+	6 years	Increased run a risk of cardiovascular events (e.chiliad., unstable angina, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, heart failure) in non-drinkers and heavy drinkers compared with moderate drinkers. [23]
Nippon Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk cohort: 97,432 men and women aged 40–79	10 years	12%–twenty% decreased take chances of all-cause bloodshed in men and women who consumed less than 23 grams per day of alcohol; heavy drinking increased the gamble of all-crusade bloodshed. [24]
Health Professionals Follow-up Study: 38,077 male health professionals aged forty–75	12 years	35% reduced risk of myocardial infarction. [25]
Eastern France accomplice: 34,014 men and women	ten–15 years	25–30% reduced take a chance of cardiovascular death. [26]
Cancer Prevention Written report Two: 489,626 men and women aged xxx–104	9 years	thirty–40% reduced hazard of cardiovascular expiry; mortality from all causes increased with heavier drinking, particularly among adults under historic period 60. [27, 28]
Physicians' Health Study: 22,071 male person physicians aged 40–84	11 years	30–35% reduced take chances of angina and myocardial infarction, 20–30% reduced adventure of cardiovascular death [29]
Kaiser Permanente cohort: 123,840 men and women aged 30+	ten years	xl% reduction in fatal myocardial infarction, 20% reduction in cardiovascular mortality; 80% increment in fatal hemorrhagic stroke. [thirty]
Nurses' Health Study: 85,709 female nurses anile 34–59	12 years	17% lower hazard of all-cause mortality; an earlier report showed a 40% reduction in risk of CHD and 70% reduction in risk of ischemic stroke. [31]

* compared with non-drinkers

The connection between moderate drinking and lower risk of cardiovascular disease has been observed in men and women. It applies to people who exercise not have middle illness, and too to those at high risk for having a heart attack or stroke or dying of cardiovascular disease, including those with type 2 diabetes, [32, 33] high blood pressure, [34, 35] and existing cardiovascular illness. [34, 35] The benefits also extend to older individuals. [36]

The thought that moderate drinking protects confronting cardiovascular disease makes sense biologically and scientifically. Moderate amounts of alcohol raise levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL, or "good" cholesterol), [37] and higher HDL levels are associated with greater protection against heart disease. Moderate alcohol consumption has also been linked with beneficial changes ranging from improve sensitivity to insulin to improvements in factors that influence blood clotting, such as tissue type plasminogen activator, fibrinogen, clotting cistron VII, and von Willebrand factor. [37] Such changes would tend to prevent the formation of small blood clots that can block arteries in the heart, neck, and brain, the ultimate cause of many eye attacks and the virtually common kind of stroke.

Drinking Patterns Matter

What you drinkable (beer or wine) doesn't seem to be nearly every bit important as how you potable. Having vii drinks on a Saturday night and and so not drinking the residual of the calendar week isn't at all the equivalent of having 1 drink a day. The weekly total may be the same, simply the health implications aren't. Amid participants in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, consumption of booze on at to the lowest degree three or iv days a week was inversely associated with the run a risk for myocardial infarction. The amount consumed, nether x grams a mean solar day or more than 30 grams, didn't seem to thing equally much as the regularity of consumption. [25] A similar pattern was seen in Danish men. [38]

A review of booze consumption in women from the Nurses' Health Study I and Ii found that smaller amounts of alcohol (about 1 beverage per day) spread out over 4 or more than days per week had the lowest death rates from any cause, compared with women who drank the same amount of alcohol but in one or two days. [39]

The most definitive way to investigate the effect of alcohol on cardiovascular illness would exist with a large trial in which some volunteers were randomly assigned to take 1 or more alcoholic drinks a mean solar day and others had drinks that looked, tasted, and smelled like alcohol merely were really booze free. Many of these trials take been conducted for weeks, and in a few cases months and even upwardly to two years, to look at changes in the blood, only a long-term trial to test experimentally the effects of booze on cardiovascular illness has not been done.  A recent successful effort in the U.S. to launch an international report was funded by the National Institutes of Wellness.  Although the proposal was peer-reviewed and initial participants had been randomized to drink in moderation or to abstain, postal service hoc the NIH decided to cease the trial due to internal policy concerns.  Unfortunately, a future long trial of alcohol and clinical outcomes may never be attempted again, merely even so, the connection between moderate drinking and cardiovascular disease almost certainly represents a cause-and-effect relationship based on all of the available evidence to date.

Across the Heart

The benefits of moderate drinking aren't express to the heart. In the Nurses' Health Study, the Wellness Professionals Follow-upwardly Report, and other studies, gallstones [forty, 41] and type 2 diabetes [32, 42, 43] were less likely to occur in moderate drinkers than in not-drinkers. The emphasis here, as elsewhere, is on moderate drinking.

In a meta-analysis of 15 original prospective cohort studies that followed 369,862 participants for an boilerplate of 12 years, a 30% reduced risk of type 2 diabetes was found with moderate drinking (0.5-iv drinks a mean solar day), but no protective result was establish in those drinking either less or more than that amount. [32]

The social and psychological benefits of alcohol can't be ignored. A drink before a meal tin can improve digestion or offer a soothing respite at the end of a stressful day; the occasional potable with friends can be a social tonic. These concrete and social furnishings may besides contribute to health and well-being.

Genes Play a Function

Twin, family, and adoption studies have firmly established that genetics plays an important office in determining an private's preferences for alcohol and his or her likelihood for developing alcoholism. Alcoholism doesn't follow the simple rules of inheritance set up out by Gregor Mendel. Instead, it is influenced by several genes that interact with each other and with environmental factors. [i]

There is also some evidence that genes influence how booze affects the cardiovascular system. An enzyme chosen booze dehydrogenase helps metabolize alcohol. One variant of this enzyme, chosen booze dehydrogenase type 1C (ADH1C), comes in 2 "flavors." 1 speedily breaks down booze, the other does it more than slowly. Moderate drinkers who accept 2 copies of the gene for the irksome-interim enzyme are at much lower risk for cardiovascular disease than moderate drinkers who have two genes for the fast-acting enzyme. [44] Those with one gene for the slow-acting enzyme and one for the faster enzyme fall in between.

Information technology'south possible that the fast-interim enzyme breaks downwards alcohol earlier information technology can have a benign result on HDL and clotting factors. Interestingly, these differences in the ADH1C gene do not influence the run a risk of heart affliction among people who don't beverage booze. This adds stiff indirect prove that alcohol itself reduces center disease hazard.

Shifting Benefits and Risks

The benefits and risks of moderate drinking change over a lifetime. In general, risks exceed benefits until middle historic period, when cardiovascular disease begins to account for an increasingly large share of the burden of affliction and death.

• For a pregnant woman and her unborn child, a recovering alcoholic, a person with liver illness, and people taking one or more than medications that interact with booze, moderate drinking offers little benefit and substantial risks.
• For a 30-twelvemonth-old man, the increased risk of alcohol-related accidents outweighs the possible centre-related benefits of moderate booze consumption.
• For a lx-year-old human being, a drink a day may offering protection against heart disease that is probable to outweigh potential harm (assuming he isn't decumbent to alcoholism).
• For a lx-year-one-time woman, the do good/risk calculations are trickier. Ten times more women die each year from center affliction (460,000) than from breast cancer (41,000). However, studies show that women are far more agape of developing breast cancer than heart affliction, something that must be factored into the equation.

The Bottom Line: Balancing Risks and Benefits

Given the complexity of alcohol'due south effects on the torso and the complexity of the people who potable information technology, coating recommendations about alcohol are out of the question. Because each of usa has unique personal and family histories, alcohol offers each person a different spectrum of benefits and risks. Whether or not to potable booze, especially for "medicinal purposes," requires careful balancing of these benefits and risks.

• Your healthcare provider should be able to help y'all do this. Your overall wellness and risks for booze-associated conditions should factor into the equation.
• If you are thin, physically active, don't fume, consume a healthy nutrition, and have no family unit history of heart disease, drinking alcohol won't add much to decreasing your risk of cardiovascular disease.
• If you don't drink, there'south no need to start. Yous can get like benefits with practise (kickoff to exercise if y'all don't already or boosting the intensity and duration of your action) or healthier eating.
• If you lot are a man with no history of alcoholism who is at moderate to loftier take chances for heart affliction, a daily alcoholic drink could reduce that risk. Moderate drinking might be specially beneficial if y'all have depression HDL that just won't budge upward with diet and exercise.
• If you are a woman with no history of alcoholism who is at moderate to loftier risk for eye illness, the possible benefits of a daily drink must be balanced against the pocket-sized increase in risk of breast cancer.
• If you already drinkable alcohol or plan to begin, continue it moderate—no more than 2 drinks a mean solar day for men or i drink a day for women. And make sure yous get adequate amounts of folate, at least 400 micrograms a day.

Related

What about news headlines proverb no amount of alcohol is safe?

• A 2022 cohort report looked at weekly alcohol intake and the adventure of cardiovascular disease (CVD) using mendelian randomization. [45] This is a inquiry method that examines types of genes and their association with health. The authors, several of whom are affiliated with genetic biotechnology companies, deduced that certain gene variants predicting a person's likelihood to be a heavy drinker vs. abstainer were associated with developing CVD. They did find that people who possessed genes predicting high alcohol intake indeed drank more, and therefore had greater risk of developing CVD. News headlines about the study suggested that no amount of booze is adept for the centre.
  • Yet, the study'southward results contradict these headlines, equally its findings mirrored those from previous cohort studies showing the everyman CVD run a risk amongst light/moderate drinkers (1-15 drinks a calendar week), and take chances sharply increasing in heavy/calumniating drinkers (averaging >20 drinks a week). Yet the authors concluded that it wasn't light/moderate drinking that protected the heart; rather, it was lifestyle factors associated with lite/moderate drinking like exercising more and not smoking (every bit predicted by people possessing sure gene variants). Interestingly the study found that light/moderate drinkers had healthier habits than even the abstainers. When adjusting for these healthy habits, the protective result from alcohol lessened slightly. Regardless, their overall conclusion all the same showed that light/moderate drinkers had the lowest take chances of CVD and supported the additional benefit of salubrious lifestyle behaviors. It may also be worth noting that the genetic variants studied were associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and not specific to general booze intake.
• A 2018 assay in The Lancet of the global impact of alcohol on injury and disease made headlines when it concluded that even moderate drinking is unsafe for wellness—and the risks outweigh any potential benefits. Nevertheless, co-ordinate to Dr. Walter Willett, professor of epidemiology and nutrition at Harvard T.H. Chan Schoolhouse of Public Health, it tin can exist "misleading" to lump the entire world together when assessing booze'south risk. (For example, while tuberculosis is very rare in the U.S., information technology was the leading alcohol-related illness identified in the study.) In an interview with TIME, Willett said that while there is "no question" that heavy drinking is harmful, there are enough of data supporting the benefits of moderate drinking, and it remains a decision that should exist determined at the individual level: "In that location are risks and benefits, and I remember it's important to have the all-time information about all of those and come to some personal decisions, and appoint one's wellness care provider in that process too.

References

1. 10th Special Report to the U.S. Congress on Alcohol and Wellness. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
2. Kloner RA, Rezkalla SH. To drink or not to drink? That is the question.Apportionment. 2007 Sep xi;116(11):1306-17.
3. Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020-2025. U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2020-12/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans_2020-2025.pdf
4. World Cancer Inquiry Fund, American Found for Cancer Enquiry. Nutrient, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington, D.C.: AICR, 2007.
5. Scoccianti C, Cecchini K, Anderson Every bit, Berrino F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Espina C, Key TJ, Leitzmann Grand, Norat T, Powers H, Wiseman Chiliad. European Lawmaking against Cancer fourth Edition: Alcohol drinking and cancer. Cancer epidemiology. 2015 Dec 1;39:S67-74.
6. Behavioral Health Trends in the Us: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. U.South. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://world wide web.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FRR1-2014/NSDUH-FRR1-2014.pdf. Accessed 4/23/2018.
7. Crime characteristics, 2006. U.S. Department of Justice.
8. Dumb driving: Get the Facts. Centers for Affliction Command and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/impaired_driving/dumb-drv_factsheet.html. Accessed 4/23/2018.
9. Alcohol Facts and Statistics. National Institute on Alcohol Corruption and Alcoholism. June 2017. https://world wide web.niaaa.nih.gov/booze-wellness/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics. Accessed 4/23/2018.
10. Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, Van Den Brandt PA, Folsom AR, Goldbohm RA, Graham Due south, Holmberg L, Howe GR, Marshall JR, Miller AB. Alcohol and breast cancer in women: a pooled assay of cohort studies. JAMA. 1998 Feb 18;279(7):535-40.
11. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Alcohol, tobacco and chest cancer–collaborative reanalysis of private data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58 515 women with breast cancer and 95 067 women without the disease. British periodical of cancer. 2002 Nov 18;87(11):1234.
12. Scoccianti C, Lauby-Secretan B, Bello PY, Chajes V, Romieu I. Female breast cancer and alcohol consumption: a review of the literature. American journal of preventive medicine. 2014 Mar 1;46(3):S16-25.
13. Allen NE, Beral 5, Casabonne D, Kan SW, Reeves GK, Brown A, Dark-green J. Moderate alcohol intake and cancer incidence in women. Journal of the National Cancer Found. 2009 Mar iv;101(v):296-305.
14. Kim HJ, Jung Southward, Eliassen AH, Chen WY, Willett WC, Cho E. Alcohol consumption and chest cancer risk in younger women according to family unit history of breast cancer and folate intake. American journal of epidemiology. 2017 Aug x;186(5):524-31.
15. Cao Y, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL. Light to moderate intake of booze, drinking patterns, and take chances of cancer: results from ii prospective US cohort studies. BMJ. 2015 Aug 18;351:h4238.
16. Baglietto L, English DR, Gertig DM, Hopper JL, Giles GG. Does dietary folate intake modify outcome of alcohol consumption on breast cancer risk? Prospective cohort report. BMJ. 2005 Oct 6;331(7520):807.
17. Zhang Southward, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, Giovannucci EL, Rosner BA, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. A prospective study of folate intake and the risk of chest cancer. JAMA. 1999 May 5;281(17):1632-7.
18. Zhang SM, Willett WC, Selhub J, Hunter DJ, Giovannucci EL, Holmes MD, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE. Plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and gamble of chest cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Plant. 2003 Mar v;95(five):373-eighty.
19. Downer MK, Bertoia ML, Mukamal KJ, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. Change in Alcohol Intake in Relation to Weight Change in a Cohort of Us Men with 24 Years of Follow‐Up. Obesity. 2017 Nov;25(eleven):1988-96.
20. Goldberg IJ, Mosca L, Pianoforte MR, Fisher EA. Vino and your heart: a science advisory for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing of the American Eye Association. Circulation. 2001 Jan 23;103(3):472-five.
21. O'Keefe JH, Bhatti SK, Bajwa A, DiNicolantonio JJ, Lavie CJ. Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison… or the remedy. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2014 Mar 1 (Vol. 89, No. 3, pp. 382-393). Elsevier.
22. Zhang C, Qin YY, Chen Q, Jiang H, Chen XZ, Xu CL, Mao PJ, He J, Zhou YH. Alcohol intake and run a risk of stroke: a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies. International journal of cardiology. 2014 Jul 1;174(3):669-77.
23. Bell S, Daskalopoulou Chiliad, Rapsomaniki East, George J, Britton A, Bobak M, Casas JP, Dale CE, Denaxas Southward, Shah AD, Hemingway H. Association between clinically recorded alcohol consumption and initial presentation of 12 cardiovascular diseases: population based cohort written report using linked wellness records. BMJ. 2017 Mar 22;356:j909.
24. Lin Y, Kikuchi S, Tamakoshi A, Wakai M, Kawamura T, Iso H, Ogimoto I, Yagyu K, Obata Y, Ishibashi T, JACC Study Group. Alcohol consumption and bloodshed among center-aged and elderly Japanese men and women. Annals of epidemiology. 2005 Sep 1;15(8):590-seven.
25. Mukamal KJ, Conigrave KM, Mittleman MA, Camargo Jr CA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Roles of drinking pattern and type of alcohol consumed in coronary heart affliction in men. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 January 9;348(2):109-eighteen.
26. Renaud SC, Guéguen R, Siest Yard, Salamon R. Wine, beer, and mortality in center-aged men from eastern France. Archives of internal medicine. 1999 Sep 13;159(xvi):1865-70.
27. Thun MJ, Peto R, Lopez Advertizement, Monaco JH, Henley SJ, Heath Jr CW, Doll R. Booze consumption and mortality amid eye-anile and elderly U.s. adults. New England Periodical of Medicine. 1997 Dec eleven;337(24):1705-xiv.
28. Camargo CA, Hennekens CH, Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ. Prospective study of moderate alcohol consumption and mortality in US male physicians. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1997 Jan xiii;157(i):79-85.
29. Camargo CA, Stampfer MJ, Glynn RJ, Gaziano JM, Manson JE, Goldhaber SZ, Hennekens CH. Prospective study of moderate alcohol consumption and adventure of peripheral arterial disease in United states male person physicians. Circulation. 1997 Feb four;95(iii):577-80.
30. Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. Risk of cardiovascular mortality in alcohol drinkers, ex-drinkers and nondrinkers. American Journal of Cardiology. 1990 Nov 15;66(17):1237-42.
31. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of moderate booze consumption and the risk of coronary illness and stroke in women. New England Journal of Medicine. 1988 Aug 4;319(5):267-73.
32. Koppes LL, Dekker JM, Hendriks HF, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of blazon 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Diabetes Care. 2005 Mar 1;28(3):719-25.
33. Solomon CG, Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Speizer Fe, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Manson JE. Moderate alcohol consumption and chance of coronary heart disease among women with blazon two diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2000 Aug 1;102(five):494-9.
34. Mukamal KJ, Maclure Thou, Muller JE, Sherwood JB, Mittleman MA. Prior alcohol consumption and mortality following acute myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2001 Apr 18;285(15):1965-70.
35. Muntwyler J, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Gaziano JM. Bloodshed and light to moderate booze consumption later myocardial infarction. The Lancet. 1998 Dec 12;352(9144):1882-5.
36. Mukamal KJ, Chung H, Jenny NS, Kuller LH, Longstreth Jr WT, Mittleman MA, Shush GL, Cushman Yard, Psaty BM, Siscovick DS. Alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in older adults: the Cardiovascular Wellness Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2006 Jan;54(1):30-7.
37. Booyse FM, Pan W, Grenett HE, Parks DA, Darley-Usmar VM, Bradley KM, Tabengwa EM. Mechanism by which alcohol and wine polyphenols affect coronary heart disease take a chance. Register of epidemiology. 2007 May one;17(5):S24-31.
38. Tolstrup J, Jensen MK, Anne T, Overvad K, Mukamal KJ, Grønbæk M. Prospective study of alcohol drinking patterns and coronary eye disease in women and men. BMJ. 2006 May 25;332(7552):1244.
39. Mostofsky E, Mukamal KJ, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Key findings on alcohol consumption and a variety of health outcomes from the Nurses' Health Study. American journal of public health. 2016 Sep;106(9):1586-91.
40. Grodstein F, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of symptomatic gallstones in women: relation with oral contraceptives and other risk factors. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 Aug;84(2):207-14.
41. Leitzmann MF, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Prospective study of alcohol consumption patterns in relation to symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 1999 May;23(five):835-41.
42. Conigrave KM, Hu BF, Camargo CA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Rimm EB. A prospective study of drinking patterns in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes amongst men. Diabetes. 2001 October 1;50(ten):2390-5.
43. Djoussé L, Biggs ML, Mukamal KJ, Siscovick DS. Alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes among older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Report. Obesity. 2007 Jul;15(7):1758-65.
44. Hines LM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J, Gaziano JM, Ridker PM, Hankinson SE, Sacks F, Rimm EB, Hunter DJ. Genetic variation in alcohol dehydrogenase and the beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption on myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 Feb 22;344(8):549-55.
45. Biddinger KJ, Emdin CA, Haas ME, Wang Thou, Hindy Grand, Ellinor PT, Kathiresan South, Khera AV, Aragam KG. Association of Habitual Booze Intake With Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Network Open up. 2022 Mar 1;5(3):e223849-.Author disclosures: Dr. Haas reported receiving personal fees and stock and stock options from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals exterior the submitted work. Dr. Ellinor reported receiving grants from Bayer AG and IBM Health and personal fees from Bayer AG, MyoKardia, Quest Diagnostics, and Novartis during the conduct of the study. Dr. Kathiresan reported being an employee of Verve Therapeutics; owning equity in Verve Therapeutics, Maze Therapeutics, Color Health, and Medgenome; receiving personal fees from Medgenome and Colour Wellness; serving on the advisory boards for Regeneron Genetics Centre and Corvidia Therapeutics; and consulting for Acceleron, Eli Lilly and Co, Novartis, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Novo Ventures, Ionis, Alnylam, Aegerion, Haug Partners, Noble Insights, Leerink Partners, Bayer Healthcare, Illumina, Color Genomics, MedGenome, Quest Diagnostics, and Medscape outside the submitted work. Dr. Khera reported receiving personal fees from Merck, Amarin Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Maze Therapeutics, Navitor Pharmaceuticals, Sarepta Therapeutics, Verve Therapeutics, Silence Therapeutics, Veritas International, Color Health, and Third Stone Ventures and receiving grants from IBM Enquiry exterior the submitted piece of work. Dr. Aragam reported receiving speaking fees from the Novartis Institute for Biomedical Enquiry.

Terminal reviewed April 2022

Terms of Utilise

The contents of this website are for educational purposes and are non intended to offering personal medical communication. Y'all should seek the advice of your doc or other qualified health provider with any questions you may take regarding a medical condition. Never condone professional medical advice or delay in seeking information technology because of something you have read on this website. The Diet Source does not recommend or endorse whatever products.

joneshathemand.blogspot.com

Source: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-drinks/drinks-to-consume-in-moderation/alcohol-full-story/